Relative Clauses:

• Defining and Non-defining Clauses:
  • Defining Clauses (Restrictive):
    • These clauses provide essential information to identify the noun they modify. They are not separated by commas.
    • Example:
      • The book that I bought yesterday is excellent. (The relative clause defines which book is being referred to.)
  • Non-defining Clauses (Non-restrictive):
    • These clauses provide additional, non-essential information about the noun. They are set off by commas.
    • Example:
      • My sister, who lives in Paris, is coming to visit. (The relative clause adds extra information but is not necessary for identifying the sister.)

In-depth Explanation:

• Gerunds and Infinitives:
  • Gerunds and infinitives are verb forms with specific functions. Gerunds act as nouns and are formed by adding “-ing” to the base verb. Infinitives, usually introduced by “to,” can function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs and maintain the base form of the verb.
  • Examples:
    • Gerund as a Subject: Swimming is a good exercise.
    • Infinitive as an Adjective: She has the desire to travel the world.
    • Infinitive as an Adverb: He woke up early to catch the sunrise.
• Relative Clauses:
  • Relative clauses provide additional information about a noun in a sentence. Defining clauses are crucial for identifying the noun, while non-defining clauses offer extra details without altering the main identification.
  • Examples:
    • Defining Clause: The woman who is wearing a red dress is my sister.
    • Non-defining Clause: My sister, who is wearing a red dress, is waiting for us.

Understanding the use and forms of gerunds and infinitives, as well as the distinctions between defining and non-defining relative clauses, contributes to constructing clear and precise sentences.