Nouns are words that represent people, places, things, or ideas. In Spanish, nouns are categorized by gender (masculine or feminine) and number (singular or plural). This means that nouns can change their form based on whether they are masculine or feminine, and whether they are singular or plural.

Gender:
In Spanish, nouns are inherently gendered, meaning they are either masculine or feminine. It’s important to learn the gender of each noun because it affects other parts of the sentence, such as the articles and adjectives that accompany it.

Number:
Nouns in Spanish can be singular (referring to one thing) or plural (referring to more than one thing). The endings of nouns often change to indicate pluralization.

Examples of Nouns in Spanish:

1. Masculine Nouns:
   • el libro (the book)
   • el perro (the dog)
   • el árbol (the tree)
   • el coche (the car)
   • el profesor (the teacher)
2. Feminine Nouns:
   • la casa (the house)
   • la mesa (the table)
   • la silla (the chair)
   • la ventana (the window)
   • la ciudad (the city)

Examples of Singular and Plural Nouns:

1. Singular Nouns:
   • el libro (the book)
   • la casa (the house)
   • el perro (the dog)
   • la mesa (the table)
   • la ciudad (the city)
2. Plural Nouns:
   • los libros (the books)
   • las casas (the houses)
   • los perros (the dogs)
   • las mesas (the tables)
   • las ciudades (the cities)

Gender Agreement with Articles and Adjectives:
Nouns in Spanish must agree in gender with the articles (definite or indefinite) and adjectives that accompany them. For example:

• el libro rojo (the red book) – “libro” (masculine) matches with “el” (masculine) and “rojo” (masculine).
• la casa grande (the big house) – “casa” (feminine) matches with “la” (feminine) and “grande” (feminine).

Understanding the gender and number of nouns is crucial for constructing grammatically correct sentences in Spanish.

Here are more examples demonstrating the agreement of nouns with articles and adjectives in Spanish:

1. el perro negro (the black dog) – “perro” (masculine) matches with “el” (masculine) and “negro” (masculine).
2. la mesa pequeña (the small table) – “mesa” (feminine) matches with “la” (feminine) and “pequeña” (feminine).
3. el árbol alto (the tall tree) – “árbol” (masculine) matches with “el” (masculine) and “alto” (masculine).
4. la silla cómoda (the comfortable chair) – “silla” (feminine) matches with “la” (feminine) and “cómoda” (feminine).
5. el coche rápido (the fast car) – “coche” (masculine) matches with “el” (masculine) and “rápido” (masculine).
6. la puerta vieja (the old door) – “puerta” (feminine) matches with “la” (feminine) and “vieja” (feminine).
7. el libro interesante (the interesting book) – “libro” (masculine) matches with “el” (masculine) and “interesante” (masculine).
8. la película emocionante (the exciting movie) – “película” (feminine) matches with “la” (feminine) and “emocionante” (feminine).
9. el gato blanco (the white cat) – “gato” (masculine) matches with “el” (masculine) and “blanco” (masculine).
10. la flor hermosa (the beautiful flower) – “flor” (feminine) matches with “la” (feminine) and “hermosa” (feminine).

“Interesante” and “emocionante” are examples of adjectives in Spanish that don’t have distinct masculine or feminine forms. Instead, they remain the same regardless of the gender of the noun they modify.

So, for example:

• El libro interesante (the interesting book)
• La película interesante (the interesting movie)

And similarly:

• El libro emocionante (the exciting book)
• La película emocionante (the exciting movie)

In these cases, the adjectives “interesante” and “emocionante” remain unchanged whether they modify a masculine or feminine noun. This is a characteristic of certain adjectives in Spanish that don’t have separate masculine and feminine forms.